Cambridge IELTS 6 Listening Test 1
4 parts · 40 questions · 30 minutes
Enquiry about a sports club
Questions 1–4
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Notes on sports club
| Example | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name of club: | Kingswell |
| Facilities available: | Golf (1) ………………………… (1) ………………………… |
| Classes available: | Kick-boxing (3) ………………………… |
| Additional facility: | (4) ………………………… (restaurant opening soon) |
Questions 5–8
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO NUMBERS for each answer.
Membership Schemes
| Type | Use of facilities | Cost of classes | Times | Joining fee | Annual subscription fee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD | All | Free | Any time | £250 | £ (5) ………………………… |
| SILVER | All | £ (6) ………………………… | from (7) ………………………… to (7) ………………………… | £225 | £300 |
| BRONZE | Restricted | £3 | from 10.30 to 3.30 weekdays only | £50 | £ (8) ………………………… |
Questions 9–10
Questions 9 and 10: Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
9. • To join the centre, you need to book an instructor's ………………………… .
10. • To book a trial session, speak to David ………………………… (0458 95311).
A radio interview about a city theatre
Questions 11–16
What change has been made to each part of the theatre? Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A–G, next to Questions 11–16.
RIVENDEN CITY THEATRE
A doubled in number
B given separate entrance
C reduced in number
D increased in size
E replaced
F strengthened
G temporarily closed
11. box office
12. shop
13. ordinary seats
14. seats for wheelchair users
15. lifts
16. dressing rooms
Questions 17–20
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
| Play | Dates | Starting time | Tickets available | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Hunt of the Sun | October 13 to (17) ………………………… | (18) ………………………… pm | for (19) ………………………… and (19) ………………………… | £ (20) ………………………… |
A student enquiring about a management course
Question 21
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21. What is Brian going to do before the course starts?
A attend a class
B write a report
C read a book
Questions 22–25
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
| College facility | Information |
|---|---|
| Refectory | inform them (22) ………………………… about special dietary requirements |
| _____ | long waiting list, apply now |
| Careers advice | drop-in centre for information |
| Fitness centre | reduced (24) ………………………… for students |
| Library | includes books, journals, equipment room containing audio-visual materials |
| Computers | ask your (25) ………………………… to arrange a password with the technical support team |
Questions 26–30
Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
26. This Business Resource Centre contains materials such as books and manuals to be used for training. It is possible to hire …………………………
27. and ………………………… .
28. There are materials for working on study skills (e.g. ………………………… )
29. and other subjects include finance and ………………………… .
30. ………………………… membership costs £50 per year.
A lecture on the social history of the East End of London
Questions 31–37
Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Social history of the East End of London
| Period | Situation |
|---|---|
| 1st–4th centuries | produce from the area was used to (31) ………………………… the people of London. |
| 5th–10th centuries | New technology allowed the production of goods made of (32) ………………………… and (32) ………………………… . |
| 11th century | Lack of (33) ………………………… in the East End encouraged the growth of businesses. |
| 16th century | construction of facilities for the building (34) ………………………… stimulated international trade. agricultural workers came from other parts of (34) ………………………… to look for work. |
| 17th century | Marshes were drained to provide land that could be (36) ………………………… on. |
| 19th century | inhabitants lived in conditions of great (37) ………………………… with very poor sanitation. |
Questions 38–40
Choose THREE letters, A–G.
38. Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?
A unsympathetic landlords
B unclean water
C heating problems
D high rents
E overcrowding
F poor standards of building
G houses catching fire
39. Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?
A unsympathetic landlords
B unclean water
C heating problems
D high rents
E overcrowding
F poor standards of building
G houses catching fire
40. Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East End?
A unsympathetic landlords
B unclean water
C heating problems
D high rents
E overcrowding
F poor standards of building
G houses catching fire
Answers
1. keep-fit
2. swimming
3. yoga
4. salad bar
5. 500
6. 1
7. 10 to 4.30
8. 180
9. assessment
10. Kynchley
11. B
12. G
13. C
14. A
15. E
16. D
17. October 19
18. 7
19. Monday and Thursday
20. 18
21. attend a class
22. in advance
23. nursery
24. annual fee
25. tutor
26. laptops
27. printers
28. report writing
29. marketing
30. individual
31. feed
32. metal and leather
33. restrictions
34. ships
35. England
36. built
37. poverty
38. heating problems
39. overcrowding
40. poor standards of building
Explanations
- 1. keep-fit
- 'We do have a keep-fit studio, which is very popular with members, and then as well as that there's swimming, of course.' The woman lists the club's own facilities after ruling out tennis and football, so the two extra facilities alongside golf are the keep-fit studio and swimming.Common trap: Tennis, football and badminton are all named just before this, but they belong to Fresham Sports Centre, not Kingswell.
- 2. swimming
- '...and then as well as that there's swimming, of course.' Swimming is the second facility the woman adds to golf, and the man immediately confirms it with 'I like to swim every day.'Common trap: 'Badminton' is mentioned in the previous turn, but the man played that at the other centre.
- 3. yoga
- 'Well, at the moment we offer kick-boxing... We're currently running a range of yoga classes, too.' Kick-boxing is already printed, so the second class currently on offer is yoga.Common trap: Judo (which the man asks about) and stretch classes are only planned for the future — 'at the moment' and 'currently' mark what actually runs now.
- 4. salad bar
- 'At the moment, we've got a salad bar which is very popular. We'll also have a fully-licensed restaurant by the end of the year.' The salad bar is the facility that already exists; the restaurant is the one 'opening soon' printed in brackets.Common trap: 'Restaurant' is said in the very next clause but is already given in the notes as the facility still to come.
- 5. 500
- '...it's £450 - oh no, I'm sorry, it's just gone up by £50, sorry about that - it's now £500 for the annual subscription fee.' The speaker corrects herself, so the annual subscription for Gold is £500.Common trap: £450 is said first and then withdrawn; £250 in the same sentence is the joining fee, which is already printed in the table.
- 6. 1
- 'Well, that's Silver - it's the same as Gold except you have to pay a small fee of £1.00 per lesson for any you do...' So Silver members pay £1 per class.Common trap: Gold's classes are 'Free' and Bronze's are '£3' — both are already printed, so only the £1.00 figure belongs here.
- 7. 10 to 4.30
- 'You can only use the facilities between 10 am and 4.30 pm.' Two numbers are wanted here: the start and end of the Silver access window.Common trap: '8 in the morning or evening' comes next, but that is the time the man is told he could NOT use the pool.
- 8. 180
- '...and you pay a £50 joining fee. The annual fee is £180 - it works out at £15 a month...' £180 is the Bronze annual fee.Common trap: £50 (joining fee) and £15 (the monthly equivalent) both appear in the same breath; only the annual figure is asked for.
- 9. assessment
- 'Well, we book you in for an assessment with an instructor, who will show you how to use all the equipment.' Joining requires an assessment with an instructor.Common trap: 'Trial session' follows in the next sentence, but that is what you arrange with David, not what joining requires.
- 10. Kynchley
- '...you'll need to speak to David Kynchley.' The surname is then spelled out: 'David K-Y-N-C-H-L-E-Y.'Common trap: The spelling is given letter by letter — the two consecutive consonants 'NCH' and the final 'EY' are where mis-spellings happen.
- 11. B
- 'Then the box office has been reoriented, with its own access from the side of the building instead of through the foyer...' Its own access from the side of the building = given separate entrance (B).Common trap: 'has more space, too' tempts D (increased in size), but the change being described is the new separate access; the extra space is a consequence.
- 12. G
- 'The shop... is the one part of the redevelopment which isn't yet complete... We hope to reopen the shop in the next few months.' Not yet complete and due to reopen = temporarily closed (G).Common trap: 'find new premises for it' sounds like E (replaced), but it is the location that will change, not the shop itself.
- 13. C
- '...we've increased the leg-room between the rows. This means that there are now fewer seats...' Fewer seats = reduced in number (C).Common trap: 'increased the leg-room' invites D (increased in size), but it is the space between rows that grew, and the question asks about the seats themselves.
- 14. A
- 'We already had a few seats which were suitable for wheelchair users, and now there are twice as many...' Twice as many = doubled in number (A).Common trap: The ordinary seats in the sentence just before were reduced in number (C) — the two seat categories moved in opposite directions.
- 15. E
- 'The two we used to have were very small and slow. They've now gone, and we've got much more efficient ones.' The old lifts have gone and new ones are in place = replaced (E).Common trap: 'The two we used to have' plus 'much more efficient' can suggest A (doubled) or D (increased in size); no number or size is actually given for the new lifts.
- 16. D
- 'The small, dark dressing rooms we used to have have been converted into two large airy rooms...' Small rooms converted into large ones = increased in size (D).Common trap: 'converted into two... rooms' tempts C (reduced in number) or E (replaced), but the point being made is that they are now much larger.
- 17. October 19
- 'That starts on October the 13th and runs till the 19th.' The run therefore ends on 19 October.Common trap: October 13 is already printed as the start date; 7.30, 7 and 9.45 in the next sentence are times, not dates.
- 18. 7
- 'We used to start all our performances at 7.30... so instead we're beginning at 7.' The new starting time is 7 pm.Common trap: 7.30 is the old start time and 9.45 is the finishing time — both are said in the same sentence as the answer.
- 19. Monday and Thursday
- '...now there are only tickets for Monday and Thursday.' These are the only two days still available.Common trap: Friday and Saturday are named first in the same sentence, but those performances sold out.
- 20. 18
- 'Ticket prices used to range from £6 to £30 but now they're all £18.' The single new price is £18.Common trap: £6 and £30 are the old price range, replaced by the simpler single price.
- 21. attend a class
- Brian asks 'would it be possible to sit in on a teaching session, to see what it's like?' and the tutor agrees: 'Fine. Just let me know which date, and I'll arrange it with the tutor.' Sitting in on a teaching session = attending a class.Common trap: Both distractors are raised in the same exchange — one is ruled out by the college ('no reading list in advance'), the other by Brian ('I've already done that').
- 22. in advance
- 'Provided you warn the refectory in advance, it won't be a problem.' Special diets are catered for as long as the refectory is told in advance.Common trap: 'all day' from the previous line describes the refectory's opening hours, not when to notify it.
- 23. nursery
- 'Then she's eligible to join the nursery... The waiting list for a place is quite long though, so you ought to apply now.' The facility with the long waiting list is the nursery.Common trap: 'Nursery Nurse' is the person who supervises it — the column asks for the facility itself.
- 24. annual fee
- 'It's open to everyone, but students pay an annual fee that's much less than the general public pay.' What is reduced for students is the annual fee.Common trap: 'open to everyone' can suggest the fitness centre is free or restricted; the reduction applies only to the fee students pay.
- 25. tutor
- 'Yes, your tutor will need to arrange with the technical support team for you to get a password...' The person to ask is your tutor.Common trap: 'technical support team' is already printed in the table — it is who the tutor contacts, not who the student asks.
- 26. laptops
- 'And you can hire laptops to use in your own home or workplace as well as printers that you can take away.' Laptops is the first of the two items available to hire.Common trap: Books, videos, manuals and computer-based materials are all listed just before, but those are study materials, not the equipment you hire.
- 27. printers
- '...as well as printers that you can take away.' Printers is the second item available to hire.Common trap: The two hireable items sit in one long sentence with several other nouns ('home', 'workplace') between them.
- 28. report writing
- Brian says 'Does it have anything that I could use to improve my study skills? I don't have much idea about report writing...' and the tutor confirms 'there's plenty of useful material'. So report writing is the study-skills example.Common trap: The example is supplied by Brian, not the tutor — students waiting for the tutor to name it can miss it.
- 29. marketing
- 'Yes, topics like finance, and of course marketing - that's a popular one.' Finance is already printed, so the second subject is marketing.Common trap: 'videos' follows immediately and is the format, not a subject area.
- 30. individual
- '100 a year for a company, and 50 for an individual, with no discount for students, I'm afraid.' £50 is the individual membership rate.Common trap: 'company' membership (£100) is named first, and 'students' is mentioned last — but students get no separate rate.
- 31. feed
- '...consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population.' The area's produce was used to feed the people of London.Common trap: The gap needs the verb, not the nouns 'crops', 'livestock' or 'farmland' that surround it.
- 32. metal and leather
- 'The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time.' The new goods were made of metal and leather.Common trap: 'ships' in the following sentence belongs to transport, not to the materials the goods were made of.
- 33. restrictions
- '...because there were fewer restrictions there than in the city itself, plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad, bringing their skills as workers, merchants or money-lenders...' Fewer restrictions = lack of restrictions.Common trap: 'fewer' rather than 'lack of' is used in the recording, so the paraphrase has to be spotted rather than heard word for word.
- 34. ships
- 'In the sixteenth century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed, eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade.' The dock was a facility for building ships.Common trap: 'dock' is the facility itself; the gap asks what was built there.
- 35. England
- 'And in the late sixteenth century, when much of the rest of England was suffering economically, a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work.' They came from other parts of England.Common trap: 'from abroad' appears in the previous paragraph about the eleventh century onwards — a different period and a different group.
- 36. built
- 'There was a shortage of accommodation, so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there.' The drained land could be built on.Common trap: 'drained' is already given in the table — the gap needs the verb that follows it.
- 37. poverty
- '...the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty, and suffered from appalling sanitary conditions.' Great poverty, alongside very poor sanitation.Common trap: 'appalling sanitary conditions' is already paraphrased in the table as 'very poor sanitation', so it cannot be the answer.
- 38. heating problems
- 'Few houses had electricity at this time, so other sources of power were used, like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room.' Coal fires heating only one room is the heating problem described.Common trap: The coal fires produce smoke and 'air pollution', which tempts B (unclean water) by association with pollution generally.
- 39. overcrowding
- 'A tiny, damp, unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families, possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles.' Two extended families in one tiny house is overcrowding.Common trap: The word 'overcrowding' is never said — it has to be inferred from the list of relatives sharing one small house.
- 40. poor standards of building
- 'Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built, because there was no regulation.' Badly built with no regulation = poor standards of building.Common trap: 'It was the availability, rather than the condition, of the housing that was the major concern' can be misread as ruling the building standards out.
Audio transcripts
Part 1 — Enquiry about a sports club
WOMAN: Good morning, oh sorry, it's gone 12, I'll start again, good afternoon, Kingswell Sports Club, how can I help you? MAN: Oh, good afternoon. I was wondering if you could give me some information about membership and facilities. WOMAN: Of course. What would you like to know? MAN: Do you have tennis courts, for example? WOMAN: No, I'm afraid we don't. We're primarily a golf club. MAN: What about football? I heard you had a team. WOMAN: No, I'm sorry. Perhaps you're thinking about Fresham Sports Centre. MAN: Oh, right. I know it. I've played badminton there. WOMAN: Have you? They've got a lot of facilities we don't have and vice versa. We do have a keep-fit studio, which is very popular with members, and then as well as that there's swimming, of course. MAN: That's good. I like to swim every day. WOMAN: We have a range of classes too. MAN: Do you have judo classes? I'm keen to learn. WOMAN: Well, at the moment we offer kick-boxing. We're planning to add judo and stretch classes soon. We're currently running a range of yoga classes, too. MAN: What about relaxing after exercise? I assume you have a restaurant or something. WOMAN: At the moment, we've got a salad bar which is very popular. We'll also have a fully-licensed restaurant by the end of the year. MAN: Sounds good! WOMAN: What kind of membership are you interested in? MAN: Um I'm not really sure. What are the options? WOMAN: Well, there are three different membership schemes. MAN: I see. What's the difference? WOMAN: Well, the first one's called Gold, and you can use all the facilities at any time of the day or week. You can also join in as many classes as you like for free. MAN: That sounds good. Is it very expensive? WOMAN: Well, you pay a £250 joining fee and then it's £450 - oh no, I'm sorry, it's just gone up by £50, sorry about that - it's now £500 for the annual subscription fee. MAN: Right, got that. And what's the next type? WOMAN: Well, that's Silver - it's the same as Gold except you have to pay a small fee of £1.00 per lesson for any you do and you can only use the centre at certain times. MAN: I see. So when exactly? WOMAN: You can only use the facilities between 10 am and 4.30 pm. MAN: So I couldn't use the pool at 8 in the morning or evening, then? WOMAN: That's right. MAN: OK. And the price for that? Is the joining fee the same as for Gold? WOMAN: Actually, it's slightly less than the £250 - it's £225, but the annual fee is only £300. Does that sound more like what you want? MAN: Well, it's still rather more expensive than I thought. I'm a student here in England and I'm only here for six months. WOMAN: Ah, then the Bronze scheme would probably suit you best. MAN: How is that different? WOMAN: Well, some of the facilities have restricted use. MAN: And do I have to pay for classes? WOMAN: Yes, it's £3 for each class you join. MAN: I see. And what are the hours then? WOMAN: Between 10.30 and 3.30 weekdays only and you pay a £50 joining fee. The annual fee is £180 - it works out at £15 a month, so that would be quite a lot cheaper. MAN: Oh, that should be all right. I could come in my free periods. What do I have to do if I want to join? WOMAN: Well, we book you in for an assessment with an instructor, who will show you how to use all the equipment. If you want to organise a trial session and look around the centre, you'll need to speak to David Kynchley. MAN: Hmm. Could you spell that please? WOMAN: Yes, David K-Y-N-C-H-L-E-Y. I'll give you his direct line number. It's oh-four-five-eight-nine-five-three-double one. MAN: Thanks. WOMAN: Thank you for calling Kingswell Sports Club.
Part 2 — A radio interview about a city theatre
MAN: And here on Radio Rivenden we have Lynne Rawley, the Public Relations Officer of our own Rivenden City Theatre. Hello, Lynne. LYNNE: Hello. MAN: Now, the theatre is reopening soon after its three-year redevelopment programme, isn't it? LYNNE: That's right, and there are a lot of improvements. The first thing people will see when they go in is that the foyer has been repainted in the original green and gold. Then the box office has been reoriented, with its own access from the side of the building instead of through the foyer, which means it can be open longer hours, and has more space, too. The shop that used to be in the foyer, which sold books and CDs, is the one part of the redevelopment which isn't yet complete. The plan is to find new premises for it near the theatre, and we've had difficulty finding somewhere suitable. We hope to reopen the shop in the next few months. MAN: Will audiences find any difference in the auditorium? LYNNE: Yes, we've increased the leg-room between the rows. This means that there are now fewer seats but we're sure audiences will be much happier. And we've installed air conditioning, so it won't get so hot and stuffy. We already had a few seats which were suitable for wheelchair users, and now there are twice as many, which we hope will meet demand. Something else that will benefit audiences is the new lifts. The two we used to have were very small and slow. They've now gone, and we've got much more efficient ones. MAN: Anything for the performers? LYNNE: Yes, we've made a number of improvements backstage. The small, dark dressing rooms we used to have have been converted into two large airy rooms, so they're much more comfortable now. And the state-of-the-art electronic sound and lighting systems have been installed. MAN: OK, so what's the first play that audiences can see when the theatre reopens? LYNNE: We've got a very exciting production of Peter Shaffer's Royal Hunt of the Sun, which is currently touring the country. That starts on October the 13th and runs till the 19th. We're experimenting a bit with the time the curtain goes up. We used to start all our performances at 7.30, but that made it difficult for people to go home by public transport, so instead we're beginning at 7, because at 9.45, when it finishes, there are still buses running. Tickets are already selling fast. The Friday and Saturday performances sold out almost immediately and, in fact, now there are only tickets for Monday and Thursday. MAN: How much are they? LYNNE: We've introduced a simpler price structure. Ticket prices used to range from £6 to £30 but now they're all £18. They're available from the box office, in person, by phone, fax or post, or online. MAN: OK, Lynne, now if you'd like to give the contact details for the theatre . . .
Part 3 — A student enquiring about a management course
TUTOR: Hello, can I help you? BRIAN: I was told to come here, because I'd like to talk to someone about taking a management course. TUTOR: Right. I'm one of the tutors, so I should be able to help you. BRIAN: Oh, good. My name's Brian Ardley. I've decided to enrol on a part-time management course. A friend of mine took one last year, and recommended it to me. TUTOR: Right. BRIAN: Is there anything I should do before the course, like reading or anything? TUTOR: We prefer to integrate reading with the course, so we don't give out a reading list in advance. But we like people to write a case study, describing an organisation they know. BRIAN: I've already done that, as my friends told me you wanted one. But would it be possible to sit in on a teaching session, to see what it's like? I haven't been a student for quite a while. TUTOR: Fine. Just let me know which date, and I'll arrange it with the tutor. BRIAN: Now, could I ask you about the college facilities, please? TUTOR: Anything in particular? BRIAN: Well, the course is one day a week, all day, isn't it? So presumably it's possible to buy food? TUTOR: Yes, the refectory's open all day. BRIAN: Does it cater for special diets? I have some food allergies. TUTOR: Provided you warn the refectory in advance, it won't be a problem. BRIAN: Good. What about facilities for young children? I'd like to bring my daughter here while I'm studying. TUTOR: How old is she? BRIAN: Three. TUTOR: Then she's eligible to join the nursery, which is supervised by a qualified Nursery Nurse. The waiting list for a place is quite long though, so you ought to apply now. BRIAN: OK. TUTOR: I don't know if our careers advice service would be of any interest to you? BRIAN: Yes, it might help me decide how to develop my career after the course. TUTOR: The centre has a lot of reference materials, and staff qualified to give guidance on a one-to-one basis. BRIAN: I noticed a fitness centre next to the college. Is that for students? TUTOR: It's open to everyone, but students pay an annual fee that's much less than the general public pay. BRIAN: And presumably the college library stocks newspapers and journals, as well as books? TUTOR: Yes, and there's also an audio-visual room, for viewing and listening to videos, cassettes, and so on. BRIAN: Is there also access to computers? TUTOR: Yes, your tutor will need to arrange with the technical support team for you to get a password, so ask him or her about it when you start the course. BRIAN: OK. TUTOR: By the way, do you know about our Business Centre? BRIAN: No. What's that? TUTOR: It's a training resource - a collection of materials for people to study on their own, or use in their own organisations. BRIAN: Uhuh. You mean books and videos? TUTOR: Yes, and manuals for self-study. Plus a lot of computer-based materials, so people can work through them at their own speed, and repeat anything they aren't sure about. And you can hire laptops to use in your own home or workplace as well as printers that you can take away. BRIAN: Does it have anything that I could use to improve my study skills? I don't have much idea about report writing, and I'm sure I'll need it on the course. TUTOR: Oh yes, there's plenty of useful material. Just ask one of the staff. BRIAN: Does the centre cover all the main areas of business? TUTOR: Yes, topics like finance, and of course marketing - that's a popular one. Local managers seem to queue up to borrow the videos! BRIAN: So it isn't just for students, then? TUTOR: No, it's for members only, but anyone can join. BRIAN: How much does it cost? TUTOR: 100 a year for a company, and 50 for an individual, with no discount for students, I'm afraid. BRIAN: That's very helpful. Well, I think that's all. I'd better go home and fill in the enrolment form. Thanks for all your help. TUTOR: You're welcome. Goodbye. BRIAN: Goodbye.
Part 4 — A lecture on the social history of the East End of London
In the last few weeks, we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London, and this morning we're continuing with a look at life in the area called the East End. I'll start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half of the twentieth century. Back in the first to the fourth centuries AD, when the Romans controlled England, London grew into a town of 45,000 people, and what's now the East End - the area by the river Thames, and along the road heading north-east from London to the coast - consisted of farmland with crops and livestock which helped to feed that population. The Romans left in 410, at the beginning of the fifth century, and from then onwards the country suffered a series of invasions by tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, many of whom settled in the East End. The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time. And as the East End was by the river, ships could transport goods between there and foreign markets. In the eleventh century, in 1066 to be precise, the Normans conquered England, and during the next few centuries London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe. The East End benefited from this, and because there were fewer restrictions there than in the city itself, plenty of newcomers settled there from abroad, bringing their skills as workers, merchants or money-lenders during the next few hundred years. In the sixteenth century the first dock was dug where ships were constructed, eventually making the East End the focus of massive international trade. And in the late sixteenth century, when much of the rest of England was suffering economically, a lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work. In the seventeenth century, the East End was still a series of separate, semi-rural settlements. There was a shortage of accommodation, so marshland was drained and built on to house the large numbers of people now living there. By the nineteenth century London was the busiest port in the world, and this became the main source of employment in the East End. Those who could afford to live in more pleasant surroundings moved out, and the area became one where the vast majority of people lived in extreme poverty, and suffered from appalling sanitary conditions. That brief outline takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century, and now we'll turn to housing. At the beginning of the century, living conditions for the majority of working people in East London were very basic indeed. Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built, because there was no regulation. But the poor and needy were attracted by the possibility of work, and they had to be housed. It was the availability, rather than the condition, of the housing that was the major concern for tenants and landlords alike. Few houses had electricity at this time, so other sources of power were used, like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room. Of course, the smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution for which London used to be famous. A tiny, damp, unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families, possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles. Now, before I go on to health implications of this way of life, I'll say something about food and nutrition.
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