Cambridge IELTS 5 General Training Reading Test 1
3 passages · 40 questions · 60 minutes
Mail Order Brochure / New Book Releases
[[READ: 1–7]]
MAIL ORDER BROCHURE
Want some great clothing ideas for your family? Our key for clothing specials in July: M for men W for women C for children
For under $10 Cotton socks C – made of pure cotton for long wearing Woollen socks C – to keep young feet warm in winter Sports socks M – to go with jeans and other casual clothes Patterned belts W – to go with jeans and other casual clothes
For under $25 Cotton shirts W – for day and evening wear Silk shirts M – five sizes, in designer colours, for that special social occasion T-shirts C – hard-wearing, white with a variety of animal motifs Colour T-shirts M W – cotton and polyester blend, plain colours, no ironing
For under $50 Blue jeans M W – non-shrink, colourfast, small sizes only Silk shirts M W – plain and patterned, all sizes Hooded jacket C – protects from the wind, 4 sizes, large strong pockets Jacket W – waterproof with zipper front, all sizes
Or you can buy a gift voucher so that someone else can choose. These come in $10, $20 and $50 amounts.
Additional monthly specials for July to September July – $10 voucher with any purchase over $60 August – Travel alarm clock worth $19.95 free with purchases of $80 or more! September – Children's backpacks. Free with any credit card purchase over $75!
Note: Postage and packing charges These are applied to each order as follows: Within Australia: $7.95 per address, regular post $17.95 for Express Delivery Service (overnight) Overseas: Surface Mail (allow a minimum of two months for delivery) Airmail (allow around two weeks delivery to most destinations)
[[READ: 8–14]]
NEW BOOK RELEASES
[A] This book describes the creativity of Aboriginal people living in the driest parts of Australia. Stunning reproductions of paintings, beautiful photography and informative text.
[B] Pocket-sized maps and illustrations with detailed information on the nesting sites and migration patterns of Australia. This is a classic booklet suitable for both beginner and expert.
[C] Packed full of information for the avid hiker, this book is a must. Photographs, maps and practical advice will guide your journeys on foot through the forests of the southern continent.
[D] More than an atlas – this book contains maps, photographs and an abundance of information on the land and climate of countries from around the globe. (Example: World Geographica – vi)
[E] Australia's premier mountain biking guidebook – taking you through a host of national parks and state forests.
[F] Here's the A-Z of Australian native animals – take an in-depth look at their lives and characteristics, through fantastic photographs and informative text.
[G] Graphic artists have worked with researchers and scientists to illustrate how these prehistoric animals lived and died on the Australian continent.
[H] A definitive handbook on outdoor safety – with a specific focus on equipment, nutrition, first aid, special clothing and bush skills.
[I] Detailed guides to 15 scenic car tours that will take you onto fascinating wilderness tracks and along routes that you could otherwise have missed. (Example: Driving Adventures for 4-wheel-drive Vehicles – vii)
Questions 1–7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
TRUEif the statement agrees with the information
FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVENif there is no information on this
1. Women's cotton socks cost less than men's.
2. Men's silk shirts are available in more than five colours.
3. Children's T-shirts come in a variety of colours.
4. The child's jacket has four pockets.
5. If you buy clothes worth $80 in August, you will receive a free alarm clock.
6. The charge for special next-day delivery in Australia is $7.95.
7. All clothing is guaranteed to arrive within two months.
Questions 8–14
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. Field Guide to Native Birds of Australia
ii. The Bush on Two Wheels: 100 Top Rides
iii. Bush Foods of Australian Aborigines
iv. A Pictorial History of the Dinosaur in Australia
v. Bushwalking in Australia
vi. World Geographica
vii. Driving Adventures for 4-wheel-drive Vehicles
viii. Survival Techniques in the Wild
ix. Encyclopaedia of Australian Wildlife
x. Guide to the Art of the Australian Desert
xi. Field Guide to Animals of the World
8. Paragraph A:
9. Paragraph B:
10. Paragraph C:
11. Paragraph E:
12. Paragraph F:
13. Paragraph G:
14. Paragraph H:
Work & Travel USA / Arthur Phillip College
[[READ: 15–20]]
WORK & TRAVEL USA
Do you want to have the best summer holiday ever? Have you just graduated and want to escape for a unique experience abroad? Only $1950 will make it all happen!
This unbeatable program fee includes: • return flight from Sydney to Los Angeles (onward travel in USA not included) • 3 months' insurance cover • 2 nights' accommodation on arrival plus meet and greet and airport transfer • arrival orientation by experienced InterExchange staff • visa application fees
You also have: • access to a J-1 visa enabling you to work in the USA • an extensive directory of employers • InterExchange support throughout the program • 24-hour emergency support throughout the length of the program
Call toll-free 1800 678 738
InterExchange has 50 years' experience in international student exchange programs. 18,000 students from around the world travel yearly to the USA on this very program. InterExchange can also offer you work opportunities in other countries.
WHAT IS INTEREXCHANGE? InterExchange, one of the world's leading operators of international exchange programs and related services: • is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation • has 700 professional staff in 30 countries worldwide • was founded in 1947
InterExchange operates these programs for students all around the world. It offers you trained and travelled staff, plus full support during the application process. You can choose any job that interests you anywhere in the USA, whether that is working in a law firm in Boston, a famous ski resort in Colorado or serving coffee and doughnuts in the buzzing streets of New York. You can select the period you work and the period you travel; you may want to work for 1 month and travel for 3, or work the entire duration of your stay. The choice is yours.
YOU CAN TAKE UP THIS OPPORTUNITY IF YOU ARE: • a full-time student at an Australian university or TAFE college • presently enrolled, or finishing this year, or you have deferred a year of study • over 18 years old by November in the academic year in which you apply to InterExchange • enthusiastic about the experience of a lifetime...
Sign up now!!
[[READ: 21–27]]
CONTENTS: ARTHUR PHILLIP COLLEGE
A about Arthur Phillip College B entry requirements C orientation for new students D academic counselling service E credit courses to university F assistance for international students G learning methods H course fees I study commitment J assessment and results K social activities and clubs L what's new
Questions 15–20
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
TRUEif the statement agrees with the information
FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVENif there is no information on this
15. The program cost includes internal flights within the USA.
16. Emergency assistance offered in the program includes legal advice.
17. InterExchange offers similar programs in countries other than the USA.
18. InterExchange is part of a government program.
19. There are no restrictions on the type of job you can do.
20. There is an upper age limit for applicants.
Questions 21–27
Each of the short paragraphs below gives information about Arthur Phillip College. Read each paragraph and choose which of the linked sections of the college website, A–L, would contain this information. You may use any letter more than once.
Arthur Phillip College Website – Contents
A about Arthur Phillip College
B entry requirements
C orientation for new students
D academic counselling service
E credit courses to university
F assistance for international students
G learning methods
H course fees
I study commitment
J assessment and results
K social activities and clubs
L what's new
21. All students receive a transcript of results and relevant award documentation when they end their studies with the College.
22. On enrolment, all students receive automatic membership to the Social Club and Public Speaking Club. Students may choose to participate in any arranged activities. The College encourages and promotes interaction between students and teaching and non-teaching staff.
23. Successful completion and the achievement of an A or B result in some courses will enable students to achieve advanced standing in these subjects if they proceed to university study. For a list of the courses acceptable to a particular university, e-mail us your request with the name of the university and the course you are interested in.
24. Arthur Phillip College is one of the top business colleges in Sydney, Australia. The College offers a wide range of educational and training programs in business and related areas. Its accredited vocational training courses are designed to meet the needs of individual students and industry.
25. At Arthur Phillip College you will learn from lectures, seminars, case studies, group projects, individual assignments and class workshops. Lectures and seminars present concepts and ideas and provide for question-and-answer sessions. Students are expected to take an active role in the learning process through class participation, presentations and projects.
26. Courses at Arthur Phillip College involve an average of 25 hours per week of tuition time, with supervised group study accounting for a further 5 hours per week. At least 10 hours per week of individual study is also recommended for most courses.
27. During this program you will meet the Director of Studies, teachers and key administrative staff such as the Accommodation Officer and Student Counsellor so that, right from your first day, you will know how each of them can help you during your time at the College.
Lack of Sleep
LACK OF SLEEP
[A] It is estimated that the average man or woman needs between seven-and-a-half and eight hours' sleep a night. Some can manage on a lot less. Baroness Thatcher, for example, was reported to be able to get by on four hours' sleep a night when she was Prime Minister of Britain. Dr Jill Wilkinson, senior lecturer in psychology at Surrey University and co-author of 'Psychology in Counselling and Therapeutic Practice', states that healthy individuals sleeping less than five hours or even as little as two hours in every 24 hours are rare, but represent a sizeable minority.
[B] The latest beliefs are that the main purposes of sleep are to enable the body to rest and replenish, allowing time for repairs to take place and for tissue to be regenerated. One supporting piece of evidence for this rest-and-repair theory is that production of the growth hormone somatotropin, which helps tissue to regenerate, peaks while we are asleep. Lack of sleep, however, can compromise the immune system, muddle thinking, cause depression, promote anxiety and encourage irritability.
[C] Researchers in San Diego deprived a group of men of sleep between 3am and 7am on just one night, and found that levels of their bodies' natural defences against viral infections had fallen significantly when measured the following morning. 'Sleep is essential for our physical and emotional well-being and there are few aspects of daily living that are not disrupted by the lack of it', says Professor William Regelson of Virginia University, a specialist in insomnia. 'Because it can seriously undermine the functioning of the immune system, sufferers are vulnerable to infection.'
[D] For many people, lack of sleep is rarely a matter of choice. Some have problems getting to sleep, others with staying asleep until the morning. Despite popular belief that sleep is one long event, research shows that, in an average night, there are five stages of sleep and four cycles, during which the sequence of stages is repeated. In the first light phase, the heart rate and blood pressure go down and the muscles relax. In the next two stages, sleep gets progressively deeper. In stage four, usually reached after an hour, the slumber is so deep that, if awoken, the sleeper would be confused and disorientated. It is in this phase that sleep-walking can occur, with an average episode lasting no more than 15 minutes. In the fifth stage, the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the heartbeat quickly gets back to normal levels, brain activity accelerates to daytime heights and above and the eyes move constantly beneath closed lids as if the sleeper is looking at something. During this stage, the body is almost paralysed. This REM phase is also the time when we dream.
[E] Sleeping patterns change with age, which is why many people over 60 develop insomnia. In America, that age group consumes almost half the sleep medication on the market. One theory for the age-related change is that it is due to hormonal changes. The temperature rise occurs at daybreak in the young, but at three or four in the morning in the elderly. Age aside, it is estimated that roughly one in three people suffer some kind of sleep disturbance. Causes can be anything from pregnancy and stress to alcohol and heart disease. Smoking is a known handicap to sleep, with one survey showing that ex-smokers got to sleep in 18 minutes rather than their earlier average of 52 minutes.
[F] Apart from self-help therapy such as regular exercise, there are psychological treatments, including relaxation training and therapy aimed at getting rid of pre-sleep worries and anxieties. There is also sleep reduction therapy, where the aim is to improve sleep quality by strictly regulating the time people go to bed and when they get up. Medication is regarded by many as a last resort and often takes the form of sleeping pills, normally benzodiazepines, which are minor tranquillisers.
[G] Professor Regelson advocates the use of melatonin for treating sleep disorders. Melatonin is a naturally secreted hormone, located in the pineal gland deep inside the brain. The main function of the hormone is to control the body's biological clock, so we know when to sleep and when to wake. The gland detects light reaching it through the eye; when there is no light, it secretes the melatonin into the bloodstream, lowering the body temperature and helping to induce sleep. Melatonin pills contain a synthetic version of the hormone and are commonly used for jet lag as well as for sleep disturbance. John Nicholls, sales manager of one of America's largest health food shops, claims that sales of the pill have increased dramatically. He explains that it is sold in capsules, tablets, lozenges and mixed with herbs. It is not effective for all insomniacs, but many users have weaned themselves off sleeping tablets as a result of its application.
Questions 28–35
The passage has seven sections labelled A–G. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter A–G. You may use any letter more than once.
28. the different amounts of sleep that people require
29. an investigation into the results of sleep deprivation
30. some reasons why people may suffer from sleep disorders
31. lifestyle changes which can help overcome sleep-related problems
32. a process by which sleep helps us to remain mentally and physically healthy
33. claims about a commercialised man-made product for sleeplessness
34. the role of physical changes in sleeping habits
35. the processes involved during sleep
Questions 36–40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
TRUEif the statement agrees with the information
FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVENif there is no information on this
36. Sleep can cure some illnesses.
37. The various stages of sleep occur more than once a night.
38. Dreaming and sleep-walking occur at similar stages of sleep.
39. Sleepers move around a lot during the REM stage of sleep.
40. The body temperature rises relatively early in elderly people.
Answers
1. Not Given
2. Not Given
3. False
4. Not Given
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. x
9. i
10. v
11. ii
12. ix
13. iv
14. viii
15. False
16. Not Given
17. True
18. False
19. True
20. Not Given
21. J
22. K
23. E
24. A
25. G
26. I
27. C
28. A
29. C
30. E
31. F
32. B
33. G
34. E
35. D
36. Not Given
37. True
38. False
39. False
40. True
Explanations
- 1. Not Given
- The brochure lists "Cotton socks" only under the children's (C) category; there is no men's or women's cotton socks item listed anywhere, so no price comparison between men's and women's cotton socks can be made.Common trap: Category-substitution trap — the reader may assume "cotton socks" applies generally to men and women, but the brochure only prices a children's version; the men's and women's comparison the statement asks about is never given.
- 2. Not Given
- The brochure says men's silk shirts come in "five sizes, in designer colours" — the number five refers to sizes, and the actual number of colours available is never stated.Common trap: Number-substitution trap — the figure "five" in the text refers to sizes, not colours, so a reader skimming for a number may wrongly match it to the statement's claim about colours.
- 3. False
- Children's T-shirts are described as "white with a variety of animal motifs" — the variety is in the animal designs printed on them, not in the colour of the shirts, which is a single colour (white).Common trap: Word-substitution trap — "a variety of" is copied from the text but attached to the wrong noun (motifs, not colours), contradicting the statement.
- 4. Not Given
- The hooded jacket is described as coming in "4 sizes" with "large strong pockets" — the number 4 refers to the range of sizes available, and the actual number of pockets is never stated.Common trap: Number-substitution trap — "4 sizes" is easily misread as "4 pockets" since both figures sit in the same short phrase.
- 5. True
- The August monthly special explicitly offers a free travel alarm clock for purchases of $80 or more, which matches the statement exactly.Common trap: None — straightforward factual match.
- 6. False
- $7.95 is the price of regular post; the overnight (next-day) Express Delivery Service actually costs $17.95, so the statement gives the wrong figure for the wrong service.Common trap: Number-substitution trap — $7.95 is a real price in the text, but it belongs to regular post, not the overnight express service the statement asks about.
- 7. False
- Surface Mail delivery is described as taking "a minimum of two months", meaning two months is only the shortest possible time — it could take longer, so a guaranteed arrival within two months is not accurate, and in any case this only applies to overseas surface mail, not all clothing orders.Common trap: Qualifier-omission trap — "a minimum of" is dropped from the statement, turning a lower bound on delivery time into a false guarantee.
- 8. x
- Paragraph A describes a book about the artistic creativity of Aboriginal people in the driest (desert) parts of Australia, matching heading x, "Guide to the Art of the Australian Desert".Common trap: Topic-overlap trap — heading iii ("Bush Foods of Australian Aborigines") also concerns Aboriginal people and could distract, but Paragraph A is about art, not food.
- 9. i
- Paragraph B describes a pocket-sized guide with "nesting sites and migration patterns", which are features specific to birds, matching heading i.Common trap: Category trap — heading xi ("Field Guide to Animals of the World") is a broader animal guide that could tempt a reader who misses the specific bird-related detail (nesting sites, migration).
- 10. v
- Paragraph C is written for "the avid hiker" and describes guidance for journeys "on foot through the forests", matching heading v, "Bushwalking in Australia".Common trap: Adjacent-topic trap — heading ii ("The Bush on Two Wheels") is also an outdoor-activity guide (cycling rather than hiking) and could be confused with this hiking-focused book.
- 11. ii
- Paragraph E is explicitly a "mountain biking guidebook", matching heading ii, "The Bush on Two Wheels: 100 Top Rides".Common trap: Adjacent-topic trap — heading v ("Bushwalking in Australia") describes the neighbouring hiking book and could be confused with this cycling guide.
- 12. ix
- Paragraph F covers "the A-Z of Australian native animals" — a comprehensive animal reference — matching heading ix, "Encyclopaedia of Australian Wildlife".Common trap: Category trap — heading xi ("Field Guide to Animals of the World") is broader (world, not Australian) and could distract a reader who does not notice the geographic scope.
- 13. iv
- Paragraph G describes illustrations of "prehistoric animals" that "lived and died on the Australian continent", matching heading iv, "A Pictorial History of the Dinosaur in Australia".Common trap: Category trap — heading ix ("Encyclopaedia of Australian Wildlife") also concerns Australian animals, but Paragraph G is specifically about extinct, prehistoric species illustrated by artists, not living wildlife photography.
- 14. viii
- Paragraph H is a "handbook on outdoor safety" covering "equipment, nutrition, first aid", matching heading viii, "Survival Techniques in the Wild".Common trap: Adjacent-topic trap — heading v ("Bushwalking in Australia") is another outdoor-focused book and could be confused with this safety/survival handbook.
- 15. False
- The program fee covers only the return flight from Sydney to Los Angeles; the advertisement explicitly states that onward travel within the USA is not included.Common trap: Scope-substitution trap — "flight" is mentioned in the text, but only the international leg is covered, directly contradicting the statement's claim about internal US flights.
- 16. Not Given
- The advertisement mentions "24-hour emergency support" throughout the program, but never specifies what kind of support this is, so whether it includes legal advice is not stated.Common trap: Unsupported-detail trap — "emergency support" sounds broad enough to imply legal help, but the text never specifies the nature of the support.
- 17. True
- The text states directly that InterExchange can also offer work opportunities in other countries, confirming the statement.Common trap: None — straightforward factual match.
- 18. False
- InterExchange is described as "non-profit, non-governmental", directly contradicting the claim that it is part of a government program.Common trap: Direct-contradiction trap — the statement asserts the opposite of what is explicitly stated in the text.
- 19. True
- The text says participants "can choose any job that interests you anywhere in the USA", giving examples ranging from a law firm to a ski resort to a coffee shop, confirming there is no restriction on job type.Common trap: None — the range of examples given directly supports the statement.
- 20. Not Given
- The eligibility criteria state applicants must be "over 18 years old", giving only a lower age limit; no upper age limit is mentioned anywhere in the text.Common trap: Direction-reversal trap — a lower age limit ("over 18") is stated, which a reader might mistake for evidence of an age restriction generally, but no upper limit is ever given.
- 21. J
- The paragraph describes students receiving a transcript of results and award documentation on finishing their studies, which matches section J, "assessment and results".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section H ("course fees") is another administrative-sounding section, but the paragraph is about results documentation, not fees.
- 22. K
- The paragraph describes automatic club membership and arranged activities, matching section K, "social activities and clubs".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section C ("orientation for new students") also concerns the start of a student's time at College, but this paragraph is specifically about clubs and social activities, not the induction process.
- 23. E
- The paragraph explains how good grades give "advanced standing" when students "proceed to university study", matching section E, "credit courses to university".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section J ("assessment and results") also concerns grades, but this paragraph is specifically about how results transfer as credit to university, not about the results themselves.
- 24. A
- This is a general introduction to the College and the range of programs it offers, matching section A, "about Arthur Phillip College".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section G ("learning methods") also describes courses, but this paragraph is a general overview of the College itself, not a description of how classes are taught.
- 25. G
- The paragraph lists the teaching formats used (lectures, seminars, workshops) and how students are expected to participate, matching section G, "learning methods".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section I ("study commitment") also concerns how students engage with their course, but this paragraph describes teaching formats, not the number of hours required.
- 26. I
- The paragraph gives the weekly hours of tuition, group study and recommended individual study, matching section I, "study commitment".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section G ("learning methods") describes how teaching is delivered, while this paragraph is specifically about the quantity of time required, i.e. study commitment.
- 27. C
- The paragraph describes meeting key staff "right from your first day" of the program, matching section C, "orientation for new students".Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — section A ("about Arthur Phillip College") is a general introduction, while this paragraph is specifically about the first-day induction process of meeting staff.
- 28. A
- Section A discusses that the average person needs seven-and-a-half to eight hours' sleep, but some, like Baroness Thatcher, manage on much less — illustrating the different amounts of sleep people need.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section E also gives sleep-related statistics (one in three people with disturbances), but only Section A specifically addresses varying amounts of sleep needed.
- 29. C
- Section C describes a research study in San Diego that deprived men of sleep for one night and measured the effect on their immune defences — a direct investigation into the results of sleep deprivation.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section B also discusses the immune system and lack of sleep in general terms, but Section C is the one describing an actual investigation/study with a method and result.
- 30. E
- Section E lists several causes of sleep disturbance, including pregnancy, stress, alcohol, heart disease and smoking.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section D describes the stages and mechanics of sleep rather than its causes of disruption, which could be confused with this section on causes of sleep disorders.
- 31. F
- Section F describes self-help therapy such as regular exercise, relaxation training and sleep reduction therapy as ways to overcome sleep problems.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section G discusses melatonin, a medical/chemical treatment rather than a lifestyle change, which could be confused with this section's self-help approaches.
- 32. B
- Section B explains that sleep allows the body to "rest and replenish" and repair tissue, and that lack of sleep can harm both the immune system and mental state — describing the process by which sleep keeps us healthy.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section C also touches on immune health, but only in the context of one specific study, whereas Section B explains the general process/theory of why sleep keeps us healthy.
- 33. G
- Section G discusses melatonin pills — a synthetic, commercially sold product — and reports a sales manager's claims that sales have increased dramatically.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section F also discusses treatments (including sleeping pills), but Section G is the one that specifically discusses a commercial product and includes a salesperson's claims.
- 34. E
- Section E explains that sleeping patterns change with age due to hormonal (physical) changes, giving the example of when body temperature rises in young versus elderly people.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section D also describes physical changes (heart rate, brain activity) but during the stages of a single night's sleep, not the long-term physical/hormonal changes with age that this question asks about.
- 35. D
- Section D describes the five stages and four cycles of sleep in detail, including changes in heart rate, muscle relaxation and brain activity — the processes involved during sleep itself.Common trap: Adjacent-section trap — Section B describes the purpose of sleep (why we sleep) rather than the process/mechanics of sleep itself, which is what Section D covers.
- 36. Not Given
- The passage explains that lack of sleep can compromise the immune system and that sleep is essential for well-being, but it never claims that sleep can cure any illness.Common trap: Overreach trap — the passage links sleep to general health and immunity, which could tempt a reader into inferring a curative effect that is never actually claimed.
- 37. True
- The passage states that there are five stages of sleep and four cycles "during which the sequence of stages is repeated", confirming that the stages recur more than once a night.Common trap: None — straightforward factual match.
- 38. False
- Sleep-walking occurs in stage four, the deepest stage, while dreaming occurs during the fifth, REM stage — these are different stages, contradicting the statement.Common trap: Proximity trap — both sleep-walking and dreaming are mentioned close together in the same section, which could mislead a reader into assuming they occur at the same stage.
- 39. False
- The passage states that "the body is almost paralysed" during the REM stage, directly contradicting the idea that sleepers move around a lot at this stage.Common trap: Direction-reversal trap — the eyes are described as moving constantly during REM sleep, which could be mistakenly generalised to the whole body moving, when in fact the body is described as almost paralysed.
- 40. True
- The passage states that the temperature rise occurs at daybreak in the young but at three or four in the morning in the elderly — three or four in the morning is earlier than daybreak, confirming the temperature rises relatively early in elderly people.Common trap: Comparison trap — the reader must correctly judge that "three or four in the morning" is earlier than "daybreak", not later.
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