Cambridge IELTS 16 General Training Reading Test 1
3 passages · 40 questions · 60 minutes
Helping Pupils Choose Optional Subjects / It's Almost Time for the Next Ripton Festival!
[[READ: 1–6]]
Helping pupils to choose optional subjects when they're aged 14-15: what some pupils say
A Krishnan I'm studying Spanish, because it's important to learn foreign languages - and I'm very pleased when I can watch a video in class and understand it. Mr Peckham really pushes us, and offers us extra assignments, to help us improve. That's good for me, because otherwise I'd be quite lazy.
B Lucy History is my favourite subject, and it's fascinating to see how what we learn about the past is relevant to what's going on in the world now. It's made me understand much more about politics, for instance. My plan is to study history at university, and maybe go into the diplomatic service, so I can apply a knowledge of history.
C Mark Thursdays are my favourite days, because that's when we have computing. It's the high spot of the week for me - I love learning how to program. I began when I was about eight, so when I started doing it at school, I didn't think I'd have any problem with it, but I was quite wrong! When I leave school, I'm going into my family retail business, so sadly I can't see myself becoming a programmer.
D Violeta My parents both work in leisure and tourism, and they've always talked about their work a lot at home. I find it fascinating. I'm studying it at school, and the teacher is very knowledgeable, though I think we spend too much time listening to her: I'd like to meet more people working in the sector, and learn from their experience.
E Walid I've always been keen on art, so I chose it as an optional subject, though I was afraid the lessons might be a bit dull. I needn't have worried, though - our teacher gets us to do lots of fun things, so there's no risk of getting bored. At the end of the year the class puts on an exhibition for the school, and I'm looking forward to showing some of my work to other people.
[[READ: 7–14]]
It's almost time for the next Ripton festival!
As usual, the festival will be held in the last weekend of June, this year on Saturday to Monday, 27-29 June. Ever since last year's festival, the committee has been hard at work to make this year's the best ever! The theme is Ripton through the ages. Scenes will be acted out showing how the town has developed since it was first established. But there's also plenty that's up-to-date, from the latest music to local crafts.
The Craft Fair is a regular part of the festival. Come and meet professional artists, designers and craftsmen and women, who will display their jewellery, paintings, ceramics, and much more. They'll also take orders, so if you want one of them to make something especially for you, just ask! You'll get it within a month of the festival ending.
The Saturday barbecue will start at 2 pm and continue until 10 pm, with a bouncy castle for kids. The barbecue will be held in Palmer's Field, or in the town hall if there's rain. Book your tickets now, as they always sell out very quickly! Entry for under 16s is free all day; adults can come for free until 6 pm and pay £5 after that. There'll be live music throughout, with local amateur bands in the afternoon and professional musicians in the evening.
On Sunday we're delighted to introduce an afternoon of boat races, arranged by the Ripton Rowing Club. The spectator area by the bridge has plenty of room to stand and cheer the boats home, in addition to a number of benches. The winners of the races will be presented with trophies by the mayor of Ripton. All money raised by the festival will go to support the sports clubs in Ripton.
Questions 1–6
Look at the five comments about lessons, A–E. For which comments are the following statements true? Write the correct letter, A–E. You may use any letter more than once.
1. This pupil is interested in the subject despite the way it is taught.
2. This pupil is hoping to have a career that makes use of the subject.
3. This pupil finds the subject harder than they expected.
4. This pupil finds the lessons very entertaining.
5. This pupil appreciates the benefit of doing challenging work.
6. This pupil has realised the connection between two things.
Questions 7–14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
TRUEif the statement agrees with the information
FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVENif there is no information on this
7. The festival is held every year.
8. This year's festival focuses on the town's history.
9. Goods displayed in the craft fair are unlike ones found in shops.
10. The barbecue will be cancelled if it rains.
11. Adults can attend the barbecue at any time without charge.
12. Amateur musicians will perform during the whole of the barbecue.
13. Seating is available for watching the boat races.
14. People attending the festival will be asked to donate some money.
Reducing Injuries on the Farm / Good Customer Service in Retail
[[READ: 15–20]]
Reducing injuries on the farm
Farms tend to be full of activity. There are always jobs to be done and some tasks require physical manual work. While it is good for people to be active, there are risk factors associated with this, and efforts need to be made to reduce them.
The first risk relates to the carrying of an excessive load or weight. This places undue demands on the spine and can cause permanent damage. Examples of tasks that involve this risk are moving 50-kilogramme fertiliser bags from one site to another or carrying heavy buckets of animal feed around fields. According to the UK Health and Safety Executive, activities such as these 'should be avoided at all times'. Their documentation states that other methods should be considered, such as breaking down the load into smaller containers prior to movement or transporting the materials using a tractor or other vehicle. The risk posed by excessive force is made worse if the person lifting is also bending over as this increases pressure on the discs in the back.
If a load is bulky or hard to grasp, such as a lively or agitated animal, it will be more difficult to hold while lifting and carrying. The holder may adopt an awkward posture, which is tiring and increases the risk of injury. Sometimes a load has to be held away from the body because there is a large obstacle in the area and the person lifting needs to be able to see where their feet are going. This results in increased stress on the back; holding a load at arm's length imposes about five times the stress of a close-to-the-body position. In such cases, handling aids should be purchased that can take the weight off the load and minimise the potential for injury.
Another risk that relates to awkward posture is repetitive bending when carrying out a task. An example might be repairing a gate that has collapsed onto the ground. This type of activity increases the stress on the lower back because the back muscles have to support the weight of the upper body. The farmer should think about whether the job can be performed on a workbench, reducing the need for prolonged awkward posture.
[[READ: 21–27]]
Good customer service in retail
Without customers, your retail business would not exist. It stands to reason, therefore, that how you treat your customers has a direct impact on your profit margins. Some customers just want to browse and not be bothered by sales staff. Try to be sensitive to how much help a customer wants; be proactive in offering help without being annoying. Suggest a product that naturally accompanies what the customer is considering or point out products for which there are special offers, but don't pressure a customer into buying an item they don't want.
Build up a comprehensive knowledge of all the products in your shop, including the pros and cons of products that are alike but that have been produced under a range of brand names. If you have run out of a particular item, make sure you know when the next orders are coming in. Negativity can put customers off instantly. If a customer asks a question to which the answer is 'no', do not just leave it at that - follow it with a positive, for example: 'we're expecting more of that product in on Tuesday'.
Meanwhile, if you see a product in the wrong place on a shelf, don't ignore it - put it back where it belongs. This attention to presentation keeps the shop tidy, giving the right impression to your customers. Likewise, if you notice a fault with a product, remove it and replace it with another.
When necessary, be discreet. For example, if the customer's credit card is declined at the till, keep your voice down and enquire about an alternative payment method quietly so that the customer doesn't feel humiliated. If they experience uncomfortable emotions in your shop, it's unlikely that they'll come back.
Finally, good manners are probably the most important aspect of dealing with customers. Treat each person with respect at all times, even when you are faced with rudeness. Being discourteous yourself will only add more fuel to the fire.
Build a reputation for polite, helpful staff and you'll find that customers not only keep giving you their custom, but also tell their friends about you.
Questions 15–20
Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.
Risks And How To Avoid Them
| Risk factor | Examples of farm activities | Risk reduction measures to consider |
|---|---|---|
| Heavy load | lifting sacks of 15(15) …………………………; carrying food for animals | divide into containers that weigh less; use a vehicle such as a tractor |
| Awkward posture | lifting a restless 16(16) …………………………; moving something around a big 17(16) ………………………… | buy particular 18(18) ………………………… to help with support |
| A lot of 19_____ while working | fixing a fallen 20(20) ………………………… | use a workbench instead |
Questions 21–27
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
21. A ………………………… approach to selling is fine as long as you do not irritate the customer.
22. Recommend additional products and ………………………… without being too forceful.
23. Know how to compare similar products which have different ………………………….
24. Avoid ………………………… by always saying more than 'no'.
25. Keep an eye on the ………………………… of goods on the shelves.
26. If a customer has problems paying with their …………………………, handle the problem with care.
27. Any ………………………… from a customer should not affect how you treat them.
Plastic is No Longer Fantastic
Plastic is no longer fantastic
[A] In 2017, Carlos Ferrando, a Spanish engineer-turned-entrepreneur, saw a piece of art in a museum that profoundly affected him. 'What Lies Under', a photographic composition by Indonesian digital artist Ferdi Rizkiyanto, shows a child crouching by the edge of the ocean and 'lifting up' a wave, to reveal a cluster of assorted plastic waste, from polyethylene bags to water bottles. The artwork, designed to raise public awareness, left Ferrando angry - and fuelled with entrepreneurial ideas.
[B] Ferrando runs a Spanish-based design company, Closca, that produces an ingenious foldable bicycle helmet. But he has now also designed a stylish glass water bottle with a stretchy silicone strap and magnetic closure mechanism that means it can be attached to almost anything, from a bike to a bag to a pushchair handle. The product comes with an app that tells people where they can fill their bottles with water for free.
[C] The intention is to persuade people to stop buying water in plastic bottles, thus saving consumers money and reducing the plastic waste piling up in our oceans. 'Bottled water is now a $100 billion business, and 81 per cent of the bottles are not recycled. It's a complete waste - water is only 1.5 per cent of the price of the bottle!' Ferrando cries. Indeed, environmentalists estimate that by 2050 there will be more plastic in our oceans than fish and that's mainly down to such bottles. 'We are trying to create a sense that being environmentally sophisticated is a status symbol,' he adds. 'We want people to clip their bottles onto what they are wearing, to show that they are recycling - and to look cool.'
[D] Ferrando's story is fascinating because it seems like an indicator of something unexpected. Three decades ago, conspicuous consumption - the purchase of luxuries, such as handbags, shoes, cars, etc. on a lavish scale - heightened people's social status. Indeed, the closing decades of the 20th century were a time when it seemed that anything could be turned into a commodity. Hence the fact that water became a consumer item, sold in plastic bottles, instead of just emerging, for free, from a tap.
[E] Today, though, conspicuous extravagance no longer seems desirable among consumers. Now, recycling is fashionable - as is cycling rather than driving. Plastic water bottles have become so common that they do not command status; instead, what many millennials - young people born in the late 20th century - prefer to post on social media are 'real' (refillable) bottles or even the once widespread Thermos bottles. Some teenagers currently think that these stainless-steel vacuum-insulated water bottles that are coming back onto the market are ultra 'cool'; never mind the fact that they feel oddly out-of-date to anyone over the age of 40 or that teenagers in the 1970s would have avoided ever being seen with one.
[F] It is uncertain whether Closca will succeed in its goal. Although its foldable bike helmet is available in some outlets in New York, including the Museum of Modern Art, it can be very hard for any design entrepreneur to really take off in the global mass market, though not as hard as it might have been in the past. If an entrepreneur had wanted to fund a smart invention a few decades ago, he or she would have had to either raise a bank loan, borrow money from a family member or use a credit card. Things have moved on slightly since then.
[G] Entrepreneurs are still using the last two options, but some are also tapping into the ever-growing pot of money that is becoming available in the management world for 'corporate social responsibility' (CSR) investments. And then there are other options for those who wish to raise money straight away. Ferrando posted details about his water-bottle venture on a large, recognised platform for funding creative projects. He appealed for people to donate $30,000 of seed money - the money he needed to get his project going - and promised to give a bottle to anyone who provided more than $39 in 'donations'. If he received the funds, he stated that the company would produce bottles in grey and white; if $60,000 was raised, a multicoloured one would be made. Using this approach, none of the donors has a stake in his idea, nor does he have any debt. Instead, it is almost a pre-sale of the product, in a manner that tests demand in advance and creates a potential crowd of enthusiasts. This old-fashioned community funding with a digital twist is supporting a growing array of projects ranging from films to card games, videos, watches and so on. And, at last count, Closca had raised some $52,838 from 803 backers. Maybe, 20 years from now, it will be the plastic bottle that seems peculiarly old-fashioned.
Questions 28–34
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. A time when opportunities were limited
ii. The reasons why Ferrando's product is needed
iii. A no-risk solution
iv. Two inventions and some physical details
v. The contrasting views of different generations
vi. A disturbing experience
vii. The problems with replacing a consumer item
viii. Looking back at why water was bottled
28. Paragraph A:
29. Paragraph B:
30. Paragraph C:
31. Paragraph D:
32. Paragraph E:
33. Paragraph F:
34. Paragraph G:
Question 35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
35. What does Ferrando say about his glass water bottle?
A It matches his bicycle helmet.
B It is cheaper than a plastic bottle.
C He has designed it to suit all ages.
D He wants people to be proud to show it.
Questions 36–37
Choose the correct letter.
36. What does the writer find fascinating about Ferrando's story?
A The youthfulness of his ideas.
B The old-fashioned nature of his products.
C The choice it is creating for consumers.
D The change it is revealing in people's attitudes.
37. What does the writer suggest about Closca's bike helmet?
A It has both functional and artistic value.
B Its main appeal is to older people.
C It has had extraordinary success worldwide.
D It is a more exciting invention than the glass bottle.
Question 38
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.
38. Thirty years ago, the methods used by creators to fund their projects involved getting money from the bank or from someone in the …………………………
Questions 39–40
Complete the sentences below.
39. Banks today are still a useful source of finance, but investments may also be sought from 'corporate social responsibility' projects. In order to get immediate funding, the method Ferrando took was to use a well-known ………………………… to advertise his product and request financial support
40. People who gave a certain figure or over were offered a free gift. In addition, Ferrando advised his donors that his company would create bottles in two colours, followed by a ………………………… bottle once they had received a more significant amount. In this way, Ferrando avoided debt and found out how many people might want his products before manufacturing them.
Answers
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. E
5. A
6. B
7. True
8. True
9. Not Given
10. False
11. False
12. False
13. True
14. Not Given
15. fertiliser
16. animal
17. obstacle
18. aids
19. bending
20. gate
21. proactive
22. special offers
23. brand names
24. negativity
25. presentation
26. credit card
27. rudeness
28. vi
29. iv
30. ii
31. viii
32. v
33. i
34. iii
35. He wants people to be proud to show it.
36. The change it is revealing in people's attitudes.
37. It has both functional and artistic value.
38. Family
39. platform
40. multicoloured
Explanations
- 1. D
- The passage states 'I find it fascinating. I'm studying it at school, and the teacher is very knowledgeable, though I think we spend too much time listening to her' — Violeta stays interested in leisure and tourism even though she feels the lessons involve too much time just listening to the teacher.Common trap: Krishnan (A) also describes being pushed by his teacher, but that is presented positively, not as a drawback he puts up with — the key contrast 'despite the way it is taught' only fits Violeta.
- 2. B
- The passage states 'My plan is to study history at university, and maybe go into the diplomatic service, so I can apply a knowledge of history' — Lucy explicitly plans a career built on the subject.Common trap: Mark (C) also mentions his future (the family retail business), but he says he can't see himself becoming a programmer, i.e. his career will NOT use the subject — the opposite of the required statement.
- 3. C
- The passage states 'I began when I was about eight, so when I started doing it at school, I didn't think I'd have any problem with it, but I was quite wrong!' — Mark expected computing to be easy because he'd already been doing it, but was surprised to find it difficult.Common trap: Krishnan's comment about being 'quite lazy' could be mistaken for a difficulty, but he never says the subject itself is harder than expected.
- 4. E
- The passage states 'our teacher gets us to do lots of fun things, so there's no risk of getting bored' — Walid found art lessons entertaining rather than dull as he had feared.Common trap: Walid's opening fear that lessons 'might be a bit dull' is a trap for students skimming quickly — the passage goes on to reverse this, confirming the lessons are in fact fun.
- 5. A
- The passage states 'Mr Peckham really pushes us, and offers us extra assignments, to help us improve. That's good for me, because otherwise I'd be quite lazy' — Krishnan values being pushed with harder work because he knows he needs it.Common trap: Mark also describes a demanding subject (computing), but he expresses surprise/difficulty, not appreciation of the challenge, so C is a distractor here.
- 6. B
- The passage states 'It's made me understand much more about politics, for instance' — Lucy has realised the connection between studying history and understanding politics.Common trap: Violeta's comment about her parents' work links home life and the subject, which can tempt students, but it is not framed as 'realising a connection between two things' the way Lucy's history-politics link is.
- 7. True
- The passage states 'As usual, the festival will be held in the last weekend of June' — 'as usual' confirms the festival is an annual, recurring event.Common trap: None significant — 'as usual' is a clear, direct signal of an annual event.
- 8. True
- The passage states 'The theme is Ripton through the ages. Scenes will be acted out showing how the town has developed since it was first established' — this confirms the festival's theme this year is the town's history.Common trap: 'Up-to-date' content (latest music, local crafts) is mentioned alongside the historical theme, which could tempt a reader into thinking the focus is contemporary rather than historical — but the stated theme is unambiguously historical.
- 9. Not Given
- The passage states 'Come and meet professional artists, designers and craftsmen and women, who will display their jewellery, paintings, ceramics, and much more' — it describes what is on display but never compares it with items sold in ordinary shops.Common trap: The fact that items are handmade by named craftspeople might tempt a reader to assume they are unlike shop goods, but this comparison is never actually made in the text.
- 10. False
- The passage states 'The barbecue will be held in Palmer's Field, or in the town hall if there's rain' — rain means the venue simply moves indoors, not that the event is cancelled.Common trap: The mention of rain as a condition is a trap: readers may jump to 'cancelled' when the text actually describes a contingency plan (the town hall), directly contradicting the statement.
- 11. False
- The passage states 'Entry for under 16s is free all day; adults can come for free until 6 pm and pay £5 after that' — free entry for adults only applies until 6 pm, after which a charge applies.Common trap: 'Free all day' correctly applies to under-16s, but the statement wrongly extends this to adults — the £5 charge after 6 pm directly contradicts 'at any time without charge'.
- 12. False
- The passage states 'There'll be live music throughout, with local amateur bands in the afternoon and professional musicians in the evening' — amateur bands play only in the afternoon, not throughout the whole barbecue.Common trap: 'Live music throughout' is a trap word matched to 'the whole of the barbecue' — but 'throughout' describes continuous music overall, split between amateur (afternoon) and professional (evening) acts, not amateurs playing the whole time.
- 13. True
- The passage states 'The spectator area by the bridge has plenty of room to stand and cheer the boats home, in addition to a number of benches' — benches confirm that seating is available.Common trap: The emphasis on standing room could distract from the fact that benches (seating) are also explicitly mentioned as being available.
- 14. Not Given
- The passage states 'All money raised by the festival will go to support the sports clubs in Ripton' — this explains where festival proceeds go, but never states that attendees are asked to make donations.Common trap: 'Money raised' could be confused with 'donations requested', but the text only describes proceeds from tickets/stalls being passed on to sports clubs, not a direct request for donations from visitors.
- 15. fertiliser
- The passage states 'moving 50-kilogramme fertiliser bags from one site to another' — this is the example of a heavy load being lifted.Common trap: 'Animal feed' is mentioned in the same sentence as another heavy-load example, but it belongs to the second bullet in this cell, not the first blank.
- 16. animal
- The passage states 'such as a lively or agitated animal, it will be more difficult to hold while lifting and carrying' — an agitated animal is the example of a bulky, hard-to-grasp load causing awkward posture.Common trap: 'Bulky' or 'hard to grasp' describe the load's qualities, not what is actually being lifted — the concrete example is 'animal'.
- 17. obstacle
- The passage states 'there is a large obstacle in the area and the person lifting needs to be able to see where their feet are going' — moving around an obstacle is the second example of awkward posture.Common trap: 'Their feet' could distract from the actual object being manoeuvred around, which is the 'obstacle', not the feet.
- 18. aids
- The passage states 'handling aids should be purchased that can take the weight off the load and minimise the potential for injury' — handling aids are the recommended purchase to reduce this risk.Common trap: 'Weight' is a nearby noun that could be mistakenly selected instead of the actual item to be bought, 'aids'.
- 19. bending
- The passage states 'Another risk that relates to awkward posture is repetitive bending when carrying out a task' — bending repeatedly while working is the third risk factor.Common trap: 'Awkward posture' is the general risk category already used as a row label elsewhere, which can tempt a student to reuse it here instead of the more specific word 'bending'.
- 20. gate
- The passage states 'An example might be repairing a gate that has collapsed onto the ground' — a fallen gate is the example given for this repetitive-bending task.Common trap: 'Ground' sits right next to the blank and could be mistaken for the answer, but the object being fixed is the 'gate', not the ground it fell onto.
- 21. proactive
- The passage states 'be proactive in offering help without being annoying' — a proactive approach is acceptable as long as it doesn't annoy the customer.Common trap: 'Annoying' is the word actually used in the passage, close to 'irritate' in the question, which can distract from the real answer word 'proactive'.
- 22. special offers
- The passage states 'point out products for which there are special offers, but don't pressure a customer into buying an item they don't want' — special offers are the second thing staff should point out, alongside suggested products.Common trap: 'Pressure'/'don't want' could tempt a student toward an unrelated phrase, but the specific second thing to recommend is 'special offers'.
- 23. brand names
- The passage states 'the pros and cons of products that are alike but that have been produced under a range of brand names' — similar products can differ by brand name.Common trap: 'Pros and cons' names the comparison itself, which could be wrongly chosen instead of what actually differs between the products: their 'brand names'.
- 24. negativity
- The passage states 'Negativity can put customers off instantly...do not just leave it at that - follow it with a positive' — avoiding negativity means not just saying 'no'.Common trap: 'A positive' is mentioned as the solution, which could be confused with the answer, but the risk being avoided is 'negativity' itself.
- 25. presentation
- The passage states 'This attention to presentation keeps the shop tidy, giving the right impression to your customers' — staff should watch over the presentation of products on shelves.Common trap: 'Tidy' describes the result of good presentation and could be mistaken for the answer, but the actual word tested is 'presentation'.
- 26. credit card
- The passage states 'if the customer's credit card is declined at the till, keep your voice down and enquire about an alternative payment method quietly' — a declined credit card is the payment problem referred to.Common trap: 'Alternative payment method' names the solution, not the original payment method that failed — the answer is the 'credit card' itself.
- 27. rudeness
- The passage states 'Treat each person with respect at all times, even when you are faced with rudeness' — rudeness from a customer should not change how staff treat them.Common trap: 'Respect' is the staff's own required behaviour, which could be confused with the customer's negative behaviour being described — the answer is 'rudeness'.
- 28. vi
- Paragraph A describes Ferrando seeing a disturbing photographic artwork of plastic waste hidden under the ocean, which 'left Ferrando angry' — a disturbing experience that triggered his idea.Common trap: 'To raise public awareness' names the artwork's purpose (heading ii territory), but the paragraph's real focus is the personal impact on Ferrando, i.e. a disturbing experience.
- 29. iv
- Paragraph B describes two inventions (the foldable bike helmet and the glass water bottle) along with physical details like the silicone strap and magnetic closure mechanism.Common trap: The app mentioned at the end of the paragraph could suggest a heading about technology, but the paragraph's core content is simply introducing the two products and describing their physical features.
- 30. ii
- Paragraph C explains why the bottle is needed: to stop people buying bottled water, save money, and reduce ocean plastic waste, with supporting statistics on bottled water's cost and the scale of the plastic problem.Common trap: The 'status symbol' quote near the end could point toward a heading about consumer image, but the paragraph opens by explaining the underlying reasons the product exists.
- 31. viii
- Paragraph D looks back three decades to explain how conspicuous consumption led to water being sold in bottles rather than simply coming for free from a tap.Common trap: 'Ferrando's story is fascinating' at the start of the paragraph could mislead toward a heading about Ferrando himself, but the substance of the paragraph looks back historically at why water got bottled in the first place.
- 32. v
- Paragraph E contrasts today's consumers, for whom conspicuous extravagance is undesirable, with what teenagers now consider 'cool', noting that older people (over 40) and 1970s teenagers would have viewed it differently.Common trap: 'Millennials' preferring refillable or Thermos bottles could be mistaken for the whole point, but the paragraph's structure is built around contrasting different generations' views.
- 33. i
- Paragraph F explains that decades ago an entrepreneur could only raise money through a bank loan, a family member, or a credit card — a time when funding opportunities were limited.Common trap: The opening sentence about Closca's uncertain success could suggest heading iii ('no-risk solution'), but the paragraph's real content is about how limited funding options used to be.
- 34. iii
- Paragraph G describes crowdfunding as a pre-sale approach where 'none of the donors has a stake in his idea, nor does he have any debt' — a solution that carries no risk for Ferrando.Common trap: The CSR investment option mentioned first in the paragraph could be mistaken for the main point, but the paragraph's focus is on the risk-free crowdfunding method Ferrando actually used.
- 35. He wants people to be proud to show it.
- Ferrando says 'We want people to clip their bottles onto what they are wearing, to show that they are recycling - and to look cool' — he wants owning the bottle to be a visible, proud status symbol.Common trap: 'It matches his bicycle helmet' distractor - the passage never claims the bottle matches the helmet; both are separate products described one after the other.
- 36. The change it is revealing in people's attitudes.
- The writer states 'Ferrando's story is fascinating because it seems like an indicator of something unexpected' and goes on to describe how conspicuous consumption has given way to 'conspicuous extravagance no longer seems desirable' — a shift in people's attitudes.Common trap: 'The choice it is creating for consumers' distractor - the passage discusses changing attitudes and status symbols, not an increase in consumer choice.
- 37. It has both functional and artistic value.
- The passage states the helmet is 'available in some outlets in New York, including the Museum of Modern Art' — being displayed in an art museum as well as sold as a functional product suggests it has both functional and artistic value.Common trap: 'Extraordinary success worldwide' distractor - the passage actually says it is hard for the entrepreneur 'to really take off in the global mass market', the opposite of extraordinary success.
- 38. Family
- The passage states 'he or she would have had to either raise a bank loan, borrow money from a family member or use a credit card' — a family member is the source of funding referred to.Common trap: 'Bank' is the first option mentioned and is already used earlier in the summary sentence, which can tempt a student to repeat it instead of picking the second option, 'family'.
- 39. platform
- The passage states 'Ferrando posted details about his water-bottle venture on a large, recognised platform for funding creative projects' — a platform is what he used to advertise and request funding.Common trap: 'Creative projects' describes what the platform funds, which could distract from the actual word needed for what Ferrando used, i.e. the 'platform' itself.
- 40. multicoloured
- The passage states 'if $60,000 was raised, a multicoloured one would be made' — a multicoloured bottle is the reward for reaching the higher funding target, after the initial grey-and-white bottles.Common trap: 'Grey and white' describes the first-tier bottle colours, which could be wrongly chosen instead of the second-tier reward, 'multicoloured', unlocked at the higher amount.
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